TWIST1 and breast carcinoma: Doxorubicin (1 μM) was found to significantly stimulate the expression of PLG (plasminogen, downregulated by Twist1 inhibitors [44]; ANGPT2 (involved in breast cancer metastasis in brain) [45]; IGF-1 (a stimulator of TWIST1) [46] and GLI1 (activated upon TWIST1 activation) [47].