A retrospective longitudinal study with 3336 middle-aged Chinese adults observed that the highest levels of serum carotenoids are associated with the improvement of the indicators of NAFLD, mediated by a reduction of the retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4), triglycerides, HOMA-IR, and body mass index [115]. The gene discussed is RBP4; the disease is metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.