TNF and asthma: Compared with helper T 2 (Th2) cytokines [IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)], helper T 1 (Th1) cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-12) are associated to antagonism of immunoglobulin E (IgE) synthesis and Th2 cell responses to restrain the progress of asthma [28].