Inactivation of ERK abrogates TGF‐β‐mediated tumor‐promoting effects but does not alter TGF‐β‐mediated tumor suppression.42 Here, the identified TGFBR2 mutants appear to play an oncogenic role by switching off tumor‐suppressive TGF‐β‐stimulated SMAD signaling while leaving TGF‐β‐stimulated ERK signaling intact (Figure 4C). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.