Moreover, overexpression of HPSE is associated with increased infiltration of tumour-associated macrophages in both mouse and human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, and with a pro-inflammatory and pro-tumour profile of these macrophages.63 It is possible that HPSE overexpression in pancreatic tumour tissue might alter the macrophage profile, leading to an enhanced generation of TF-positive microvesicles and contributing to the prothrombotic state. This evidence concerns the gene HPSE and pancreatic neoplasm.