TFPI and cancer: In cancer, enzymatically-inactive HPSE was showed to facilitate adhesion and migration of endothelial cells, induce VEGF, and facilitate the formation of lymphatic vessels.61 As for HPSE non-enzymatic procoagulant activity, Nadir and Brenner61 showed that HPSE upregulated the expression of TF and interacted with TFPI on the cell surface of endothelial and tumour cells, leading to dissociation of TFPI from these cellular surfaces with a net increase in cell surface procoagulant activity.