Based on the Gaussian distribution of ΔS-Cys-Alb in plasma and serum from nominally unhealthy patients (Fig. 2), it can be predicted that 99% of fresh plasma samples from patients without renal failure have ΔS-Cys-Alb values in the range of 11–30%; and 99% of fresh serum samples have ΔS-Cys-Alb values in the range of 7.2–24%. The gene discussed is ALB; the disease is Renal insufficiency.