Previously, Hiona et al. failed to demonstrate attenuating effects of enalapril on increased caspase-3 and caspase-9 activities in a rat model of DOX cardiomyopathy [10], while Spallarossa et al. found alleviating effects of carvedilol but not atenolol on caspase-3 activity in rat cardiomyocyte cultures exposed to DOX [59]. Here, CASP9 is linked to cardiomyopathy.