Specific cell signaling pathways, including transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), Wnt/β-catenin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K-Akt), are thought to play a central role in the development of IPF [81]. Here, VEGFA is linked to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.