PAPPA and gestational diabetes: It has been reported that the model combining maternal factors including history of GDM, family history of diabetes, ethnicity, parity, BMI, mean arterial pressure (MAP), uterine artery pulsatility index (UtA PI) and pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) in the first trimester predicted GDM with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.90 (95% CI 0.87–0.92) [22].