TNF and cancer: As a symptom of cancer cachexia, CRF is induced by various mediating factors, such as cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, and interferon-γ (INF-γ)), hormones (insulin, glucagon, leptin, ghrelin, and adiponectin), and neuropeptide-Y [62].