[[1], [2], [3], [4]] Currently, the level of expression of PD-L1 as detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) is the only accepted biomarker for guiding the use of IMs to treat NSCLC, numerous clinical trials having shown that expression of PD-L1 by the tumour or tumour-associated immune cells is related to response to the drug [[1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]]. Here, CD274 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.