INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Diabetes comprises an early onset (already in early childhood) disease denominated type 1 caused by the complete failure of the pancreatic islet β-cell to produce insulin, and it requires exogenous insulin administration for survival; and a chronic, progressive disease denominated type 2 (T2D) characterized by an initial increased insulin secretion leading to islet stress and loss of glucagon/insulin homeostasis.