CTLA4 and neoplasm: The gut microbiome has been shown to modulate the anti-tumor efficacy in pre-clinical models of various chemotherapies (93, 94) and immunotherapeutic agents (96–99), including antibodies against cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) and anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) (92).