The distinct functional phenotypes can be induced in vivo or in vitro by inducers either alone, or in combination, including IFN, immune complexes, helminth infections, LPS, complement components, apoptotic cells, macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), glucocorticoids, IL-4, IL-13, IL-10, and TGF-beta (35, 36). Here, IL13 is linked to helminthiasis.