KetoA (10-oxo-12(Z)-octadecenoic acid), which is a metabolite of linoleic acid produced by lactic acid bacteria in the intestine, has been shown to mitigate the obesity-related metabolic disturbances and upregulate the expression of UCP1 in WAT via the activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) (153). Here, UCP1 is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.