Carvalho et al. (55) found that increased levels of IL-8 in depressed patients correlated inversely with GR expression levels, suggesting that a certain level of intrinsic inflammation may occur independently of glucocorticoid resistance in depression, and that this inflammation plays a key role in the subsequent development of glucocorticoid resistance and further immune dysregulation through downregulation of GR transcript expression. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL8 and depressive symptom measurement.