INHBE and Nematoda infectious disease: To investigate whether inactivation of TGF-ß signaling in D. melanogaster modifies the phenoloxidase response in the context of nematode infection, we challenged BMP and activin loss-of-function mutant larvae with H. gerrardi parasites, and 24 h later, we estimated the expression of prophenoloxidase genes PPO1, PPO2, and PPO3 using qRT-PCR and gene-specific primers (Tang, 2009).