Therefore, disease models using more immunogenic cancer cells are required to verify the effect of innate immune mechanisms on the response to anti-PD-1 treatment in the context with neoantigen-specific T cell and to explore whether strategies that combine immune checkpoint inhibitors with agents targeting innate immunity are beneficial for specific cohorts of NSCLC patients, such as NSCLC patients with a coexisting COPD. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and cancer.