Oleocanthal, oleacein and hydroxytyrosol were observed to exhibit an inhibitory effect on ERK1/2 phosphorylation in a TGFβ1-treated mesothelial cell line, non-melanoma skin cancer cell line, myeloma-derived cell line and human melanoma cell line [62,66,67,68,69,70]. Here, MAPK3 is linked to melanoma.