TNF and pelvic inflammatory disease: For instance, IL-1β, IL-10, MCP-1, neutrophils, or macrophages serve protective or destructive roles in PID [34, 35] and, in our study, cytokines and chemokines involving IL-1β, TNF-α, and MCP-1 were increased, whereas IL-10 was degraded in the uterus of rats with PID.