MAPK8 and Alzheimer disease: In contrast, stress-activated kinase phospho-JNK, and the ratio of phospho-JNK to JNK were significantly increased in the AD precuneus (Figure 8) (Perez et al., 2015) and hippocampus (Mufson et al., 2012b), whereas total JNK levels were stable similar to the AD hippocampus (Mufson et al., 2012b).