Defects in TRAF3/CYLD have been implicated in the activation of NF-κB signaling in HPV-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and EBV-positive NPC26,37, suggesting that TRAF3 and CYLD genetic alterations may also participate in EBV-mediated tumorigenesis in pulmonary LELC. The gene discussed is CYLD; the disease is head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.