PDLIM7 and lung carcinoma: We revealed clear difference of mutation spectrum, significant somatic mutations, copy number alterations, and signaling pathway aberrations between pulmonary LELC and other lung cancers; whereas, pulmonary LELC resembles NPC genetically, e.g., low degree of somatic mutation, exclusivity of LMP1 overexpression with somatically altered signaling pathways, frequent chromosomal alterations and predominant NF-κB dysregulation.