CD40 and infection: We did not detect a significant change in the relative expression of IL-22Ra1 (protects the epithelial barrier, promotes anti-microbial product secretion during infection, modulating pneumococcal carriage and clearance24), HLADR (mediates T cell-antigen recognition and is a marker of epithelial activation25), CD40 (co-stimulatory protein which binds CD15426 (Supplementary Fig. 2e-g)), or CD54 (a leucocyte adhesion molecule which is also upregulated by CD4026,27, initiating neutrophil migration and recruitment28, Fig. 2a).