TNF and colitis: To validate the results obtained in the mouse models and further probe the connection of TNF with ICB efficacy, we next performed an mRNA analysis of immune-related genes from biopsies of i) healthy mucosal tissue in cancer patients, ii) colon tissue from patients diagnosed with colitis after nivolumab and/or ipilimumab administration or iii) colon tissue from patients diagnosed with ulcerative colitis.