We then investigated whether C-6 compound-derived AGEs, such as Glu-AGEs-BSA, Fru-AGEs-BSA, 3-deoxyglucosone-derived AGEs (3-DG-AGEs-BSA), and AGEs derived from ascopyrone P (a secondary metabolite of 1,5-AF in fungi18/heating product of 1,5-AF19: APP-AGEs-BSA) bound to the anti-AF-AGE antibody. The gene discussed is RENBP; the disease is atrial fibrillation.