We also investigated whether the immunopurified anti-AF-AGE antibody reacted with C-3/C-2 compounds, such as AGEs derived from glyceraldehyde (Glycer-AGEs-BSA), methylglyoxal (MGO-AGEs-BSA), glycolaldehyde (Glycol-AGEs-BSA), glyoxal (GO-AGEs-BSA), and acetaldehyde (AA-AGEs-BSA). The gene discussed is RENBP; the disease is atrial fibrillation.