MAP1LC3A and non-small cell lung carcinoma: To our surprise, we observed that penfluridol did not induce apoptosis of NSCLC cells, and inhibition of penfluridol-mediated LC3-II conversion by 3-MA also did not affect the apoptotic effect on cells, suggesting that ER stress-induced autophagosome accumulation and cell death by penfluridol are independent of apoptosis.