DDIT3 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: After screening the UPR signaling pathways such as GRP94, GRP78/BIP, ERO1α, PERK, IRE1α, and CHOP, in penfluridol-treated NSCLC cells, we found that GRP78, PERK, IRE1α, and CHOP as well as LC3B-II were concentration- (Fig. 6a) or time-dependent (Fig. 6b) upregulated after penfluridol treatment.