These findings suggested that there was an imbalance of islet β cell function and CP release in the IGR group and insulin non-responsiveness lead to almost a doubling of the insulin serum concentration, which was also reflected in significantly enhanced BG values compared to the NGT group (Fig. 1c), and may, if not controlled, lead to the serious complications of T2DM [7, 27]. Here, CP is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.