MALAT1 and immune system disorder: In addition, we evaluated the expression of lncRNA MALAT1 in plasma in sepsis patients, and the possible sources of lncRNA MALAT1 in plasma might be exosomes or cell debris from inflammatory cells or immune cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages due to that most lncRNAs in plasma are abundantly expressed in exosomes or cell debris or exist as nucleic acid, and sepsis is a type of systemic inflammatory response syndrome closely related to inflammation and immune disorders.28, 29