The way by which DMF is beneficial to RRMS patients stands out from other currently used DMTs, since its mode of action cannot readily be explained by a direct effect on the lymphocyte compartment and may include effects on multiple cell types and signaling pathways54, notably through its action on Nrf2, and to some degree other transcription factors. Here, NFE2L2 is linked to relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.