To validate this finding, we applied random permutation tests (10,000 trials) for all putatively pathogenic somatic mutations found in AD and normal samples, and found the P values of the above associations to be significant (PI3K-AKT pathway, P = 0.0019; MAPK pathway, P = 0.0068; AMPK pathway, P = 0.0237). Here, PIK3CA is linked to Alzheimer disease.