Mutations in the CFTR gene impair cholangiocyte chloride transport, leading to a lack of alkalinisation and subsequent blockage of biliary ducts in the liver.80 Dekkers and colleagues79 showed that CF intestinal organoids recapitulated the disease in vitro when cultured with an inducer of intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP), called forskolin, thereby activating CFTR function. Here, CFTR is linked to cystic fibrosis.