Studies investigating this pathway in MSA have shown that glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is reduced in the MBP-h-αsyn-transgenic mice and that the neuropathological and behavioral deficits of these mice are improved by the intracerebroventricular infusion of GDNF [122, 130]. This evidence concerns the gene GDNF and multiple system atrophy.