SMAD3 and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: TGF-β induces Gli1 and Gli2 in a Smad3-dependent manner in epithelial and mesenchymal cell lines (Steinway et al., 2014), dermal fibroblasts (Dennler et al., 2009), osteolytic Langerhans cells (Alexandrescu et al., 2012), breast carcinoma cells (Dennler et al., 2007), and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells (Nolan-Stevaux et al., 2009).