In 2006, intramyocardial injection of bone-marrow MSC (BM-MSC) led to β-AR upregulation and improved cardiac contractility in a model of non-ischemic HF in rabbits [24], while a more recent study described the rescue of cardiac function under adrenergic challenge in diabetic rats after i.v. injection of BM-MSCs with concomitant restoration of β1-AR mRNA expression in the left ventricle (LV) [25]. The gene discussed is ADRB2; the disease is hydrops fetalis.