Of the 58 genes screened by analysis of gene ontology functional annotation based on hallmarks of cancer including apoptosis, anti-proliferation, and cell death, nine genes (GADD45B, PMAIP1, XAF1, CYR61, IL24, ATF3, DLC1, RHOB, and TNFAIP3) have been reported to act as tumor suppressive genes in several cancer types (Table 2). Here, ATF3 is linked to cancer.