INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Functionally, these genes participate in metabolic pathways (Apoe, Cs, and Rbp4), insulin signaling (Pik3r1 and Rps6kb1), T2DM (Pik3r1), innate immunity (Casp1), inflammation (Casp1), and apoptosis (Casp1 and Rps6kb1) (Fig. 2B).