ESR1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Although not all studies are in agreement, PvuII and XbaI and other polymorphisms across the ESR1 gene have been associated with risk of T2DM as reported in the Chinese (Huang et al., 2006), African–Americans, European–Americans (Sale et al., 2004), Hungarians (Speer et al., 2001), and Egyptian women (Motawi et al., 2015).