Most notably, the failure of many immunomodulatory therapies (e.g. augmentation of interferon gamma (IFNγ),10 neutralisation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α)11 and the early stoppage of the PANTHER clinical trial designed to test prednisone, azathioprine and N‐acetylcysteine due to harm12 have led many to conclude that IPF is not caused by immunopathology. Here, TNF is linked to idiopathic interstitial pneumonia.