In myocardial neovascularisation, the VEGF-dependent physiological response to myocardial ischemia, it has been demonstrated that in addition to HIF1- α stabilization, VEGF mRNA transcription, and stability are improved following incubation with IL-1β; and that this activity is dependent on specificity protein 1 (SP1) sites in the VEGF gene's promoter targeted by IL-1β-activated p38 MAPK and c-JUN N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling (38). Here, SP1 is linked to myocardial ischemia.