Using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) to analyze gene-expression profiles17, we found that STAT3-associated genes were significantly enriched in the TFF1-KO mouse (FDR = 0.00749, P = 0.00069) and human gastric cancer samples (FDR = 0.00174; P = 0.00022) (Supplementary Fig. 1). This evidence concerns the gene TFF1 and gastric cancer.