As compared to the patients in cluster 2, those in cluster 1 had no diabetes symptoms (0 of 888 vs. 498 of 516, p < 0.01), had a lower HbA1c (7.6% vs. 11.6%, 60 mmol/mol vs. 103 mmol/mol, p < 0.01), and required less often insulin therapy (62 of 816 vs. 315 of 518, p < 0.01). Here, INS is linked to diabetes mellitus.