One group has also found a CAF-associated gene signature that predicts chemotherapy resistance in the neoadjuvant setting for breast cancer, based on the differential expression of 50 genes, including DCN (the gene encoding decorin), COL1A2(the gene encoding collagen type 1α2), FAP, CALD1 and THBS2.111In addition, the presence of CD146-expressing CAFs predicts tamoxifen sensitivity and better treatment outcome in patients with oestrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer, as they maintain ER expression (unlike CD146-null CAFs).112. The gene discussed is CALD1; the disease is breast cancer.