IL1B and neoplasm: Multiple studies have emphasised the tumour-promoting role of inflammatory cells, from their production of many pro-tumour factors to their mutagenic involvement in tumour evolution.12 CAFs can adopt a pro-inflammatory gene signature at an early stage in cancer development, induced by tumour-derived interleukin (IL)-1β and, as such, themselves mediate this tumour-enhancing inflammation.13 CAFs can additionally be involved in tumour immune evasion, inducing an immune-suppressive microenvironment to facilitate tumour escape from anti-tumour immune surveillance.