However in that case (as in the study of T-ALL by Kishton et al. [173]) transformation had been achieved by enforced expression of oncogenes in vitro in haematopoietic progenitor cells, and the real test of the role of AMPK was in the survival and/or proliferation of the leukaemia cells in vivo in irradiated recipient mice. The gene discussed is PRKAA2; the disease is leukemia.