Lung cancers can upregulate GFs that activate bypass signaling pathways or EMT as non-genetic resistance mechanisms (Sequist et al., 2011, Soucheray et al., 2015, Zhang et al., 2012) and fibroblast-mediated stromal remodeling can confer AR to BRAF inhibitors in melanoma (Hirata et al., 2015). Here, AR is linked to lung carcinoma.