TNF and colitis: Furthermore, the results from in vivo experiments not only were similar to our previous report, but also demonstrated that CXCR4 high-expressing ERCs more significantly alleviated experimental colitis, which associated with a decrease in pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) and/or with upregulation of anti-inflammation cytokines (IL-4 and IL10) in the colon.