IFNA1 and infection: In summary, the following early immune signatures after infection are associated with the generation of nAb responses in naïve individuals (Fig. 3e): (1) activation and maturation of mDCs, (2) a proinflammatory response driven by NF-κB transcription in monocyte/MΦs, (3) IFN signaling in multiple cell types, and (4) a Th1 cytokine environment.