INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulators have been demonstrated to decrease the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide, the major component of senile plaques deposited in the brains of patients with AD33; on the other hand, S1PR blockers have shown to significantly improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in genetically obese mice, a type 2 diabetes model34.