Besides, the enhanced RAAS could act synergistically with oxidative stress and inflammatory regulators such as TGFβ1 and NLR (nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat-containing receptor) pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome to promote atrial structural remodeling and AF eventually (11, 12). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and atrial fibrillation.