TGFB1 and atrial fibrillation: In the paper published in current issue of Frontiers, Qiu et al. showed that CKD resulted in left atrial enlargement, interstitial fibrosis, and increased AF inducibility, which may be related to the activation of TGF-β1/Smads and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling as well as connexins remodeling (16).