Covariates included general anesthesia/conscious sedation, age, male, smoking status, STS score, body mass index (BMI), Hb pre-procedure, creatinine (pre-procedure), left ventricular internal diameter (systolic) (LVIDs), left ventricular internal diameter (diastolic) (LVIDd), septal wall thickness, valve type, valve size, prior New York Heart Association (NYHA), chronic lung disease, diabetes, dialysis, home O2, immunosuppression, prior myocardial infarction (MI), prior two-week heart failure, hypertension, atrial fibrillation/flutter, and conduction defect. The gene discussed is GSTM1; the disease is myocardial infarction.