Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNA of IGF1R (insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor), MMP-9 (matrix metalloproteinase 9), NPM1 (nuclear matrix protein 1), CXCR4 (C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4), and FLT3-ITD (internal tandem duplication mutations in FLT3) to both normal BM-MSC, murine OP9 cells, and human CD34+ cells is a mechanism by which exosomes from AML cells modulate haematopoiesis and niche microenvironment (Figure 4) [87]. The gene discussed is CXCR4; the disease is acute myeloid leukemia.